FOUR KINDS OF TRUTH
The four classical theories of truth differ from each other in their fundamental approaches to defining and determining truth:

Correspondence Theory of Truth

• • • Truth is determined by how well a statement corresponds to observable reality
    • A belief or statement is true if it accurately reflects the facts or state of affairs in the world
    • This theory emphasizes the relationship between beliefs and external reality
    • Looks outward to the world for validity.
    • Emphasizes the importance of empirical evidence in verifying claims. Scientists design experiments and observations to test whether their hypotheses accurately correspond to observable reality
    • This approach forms the foundation of the scientific method, where theories must be supported by empirical data.
    • Promotes objectivity in scientific research. Scientists strive to minimize personal biases and subjective interpretations, focusing instead on facts that can be independently verified.
    • Allows for the evolution of scientific truth as new discoveries are made. For example, the statement “There are nine planets in the solar system” was once considered true but ceased to be accurate when Pluto was reclassified
    • Supports the concept of falsifiability in science. Hypotheses are formulated in ways that allow them to be tested against observable facts. If a statement does not correspond to reality, it can be falsified, leading to refinement or rejection of theories
    • Demonstrates how scientific truth can change as understanding of reality improves.
    • Provides a foundation for logical reasoning. Premises in scientific arguments are expected to be grounded in verifiable truths, ensuring that conclusions are based on factual evidence
    • Shapes the rigorous, evidence-based approach that characterizes modern scientific inquiry.

Coherence Theory of Truth

• • • Truth is defined by how well a statement logically coheres with other justified beliefs or a larger system of beliefs
    • A proposition is true if it fits consistently within a set of other propositions or axioms
    • This theory focuses on internal consistency rather than correspondence to external reality
    • Relies on group agreement for validity

 

Consensus Theory of Truth

• • • Truth is determined by what everyone agrees to be true
    • This theory emphasizes the role of collective agreement in establishing truth
    • It is often applied when trusting expert consensus on a subject
    • prioritizes practical outcomes over abstract notions of truth.

‎‎

Pragmatic Theory of Truth

• • • Truth is defined by what is useful, beneficial, or practical for an individual or society
    • This theory is less concerned with absolute truth and more focused on practical applications and results
    • It allows for personal or situational truths based on what works in practice
    • It emphasizes flexibility and adaptability, acknowledging that truth can change with new experiences

‎